Paper - II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany
(Total Hours of Teaching: 120 @ 4 h / Week)
Unit - I: Anatomy (30 h)
1. Meristems Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices and theories. (4 h)
2. Tissues and Tissue Systems: Simple and complex. (6 h)
3. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths. (6 h)
4. Stem and root: Vascular cambium - Formation and function. Anomalous secondary
growth of stem - Achyranthes, Boerhavia, Bignonia, Dracaena; Root – Beta (8 h)
5. Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers – Teak (Tectona grandis),
Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus) Nallamaddi
(Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). (6 h)
Unit - II: Embryology (24 h)
6. Introduction to Embryology.
Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte (5 h)
7. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; types and development
of female gametophyte. (6 h)
8. Pollination - Types; Pollen - pistil interaction. Fertilization. (4 h)
9. Endosperm - Development and types. Embryo - development and types;
Polyembryony and Apomixis – an outline. (5 h)
10. Palynology: Principles and applications. (4 h)
Unit - III: Taxonomy (36 h)
11. Introduction: Principles of plant systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy,
Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic (4 h)
12. Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account
of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantle. An introduction
to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). (6 h)
13. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation
to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy. (4 h)
14. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN,
Vienna code - a brief account. Herbarium: Concept, techniques
and applications. (6 h)
15. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging
to the following families:
Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae,
Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae and
Poaceae. (16 h)
Unit - IV: Medicinal Botany (30 h)
16. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine
from Folklore medicine. Outlines of Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani and
Homeopathic systems of traditional medicine. Role of AYUSH, NMPB,
CIMAP and CDRI. (8 h)
17. Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants – Tippateega
(Tinospora cordifolia), tulasi (Oscimum sanctum ), pippallu (Piper longum),
Karaka (Terminalia chebula), Kalabanda (Aloe vera), Turmeric (Curcuma longa). (4 h)
18. Traditional medicine vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used in
traditional medicine as resource (active principles, structure, usage and
pharmacological action) of modern medicine: Aswagandha (Withania somnifera),
Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Nela usiri (Phyllanthus amarus), Amla
(Phyllanthus emblica) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri). (6 h)
19. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. Adulteration of plant crude drugs
and methods of identification - some examples. Indian Pharmacopoeia. (6 h)
20. Plant crude drugs: Types, methods of collection, processing and storage practices.
Evaluation of crude drugs. (6 h)
Suggested Readings:
Bhattacharya et. al. 2007. A textbook of Palynology, Central, New Delhi.
Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.), Vikas
Publishing House, Delhi.
Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver and Boyd,
London.
Esau, K. 1971. Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
Heywood, V. H. 1965 . Plant Taxonomy. ELBS , London.
Heywood, V. H. and D. M. Moore (Eds). 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic
Press, London.
Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. 1999. A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun.
Jeffrey, C. 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
London.
Johri, B. M. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verleg, Berlin.
Joshi, S. G. 2000. Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Kapil, R. P. 1986. Pollination Biology. Inter India Publishers, New Delhi.
Kokate, C. and Gokhale- Pharmocognacy- Nirali Prakashan, NewDelhi.
Lad, V. 1984. Ayurveda – The Science of Self-healing. Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. 1976. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man’s Health.
A Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Maheswari, P. 1971. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
Pandey, B. P. 2007. Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Seed Plants and their Systematics,
Structure, Development and Reproduction in Flowering Plants. S. Chand & Company Ltd,
New Delhi.
Rastogi, R. R. and B. N. Mehrotra. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I & Vol.
II. CSIR, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi.
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balasubramaniyan. 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources.
Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biostatistics (2nd Ed.). Edward Arnold, London.
Singh, G. 1999. Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Practical - II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 90 @ 3 h / Week in 30 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Demonstration of double staining technique. (3 h)
2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides (3 h)
3. Preparation of double staining slides
Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem – Tridax, Sorghum (6 h)
Secondary structure: Root – Tridax sp.; Stem –Pongamia (3 h)
Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. (6 h)
4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. (3 h)
5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. (6 h)
6. Structure of anther and microsporoganesis using permanent slides. (3 h)
7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus,
Acassia, Grass). (3 h)
8. Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). (3 h)
9. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryosac. (3 h)
10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and
monocot Embryos using permanent slides. (3 h)
11. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Cymopsis / Senna /Crotalaria) (3 h)
12. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families
prescribed in theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each
family) (18 h)
13. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. (3 h)
14. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora. (6 h)
15. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of locally
available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine.
(12 h)
16. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local
tribes/folklore. (3 h)
17. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the
practical examination.
B.Sc II Year Botany
(Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany)
Paper-II: Practical Model Paper
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50
1. Prepare a double stained permanent mount of transverse section of given material
“A” 8 Marks
2. Prepare a temporary mount of epidermal peal of the given leaf material “B” and
identify the stomatal type 6 Marks
3. Conduct the pollen viability test “C” OR isolate the embryo from the given material
6 Marks
4. Assign the specimens “D” and “E” to their respective families, giving reasons.
Describe and classify. 16 Marks
5. Identify and describe the specimens / slides with well labelled diagrams 8 Marks
a) Embryology (f) b) Palynology (g) c) Medicinal Botany (h,i)
6. Herbarium and Record 6 Marks
B.Sc II Year
Botany Paper-II
(Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany)
Model Question Paper – Theory
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Section-A
Answer Any FIVE Questions Marks: 5 x 8 = 40 Marks
(Answer should not exceed 20 lines for each question)
1. Quiscent centre
2. Anomalous structure of Boerhaavia
3. T.S. of anther
4. Polyembryony
5. Cytotaxonomy
6. Economic importance of Apiaceae
7. Ayurveda system of medicine
8. Medicinal importance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica)
Section-B
Answer all Questions Marks: 4 x 15 = 60 Marks
Long Essay Type Questions)
(Answer should not exceed 80 lines for each question
9. a. Give a detailed account on complex tissue system
OR
b. Describe the Wood Structure of Pterocarpus santalinus
10. a. Describe the development of female gametophyte
OR
b. NPC system of pollen morphology
11. a. Enumerate the salient features of Engler and Prantles classification and
its merits and demerits
OR
b. Give a comparative account of Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae
12. a. Explain in detail the Homeopathic system of Medicine
OR
b. Give an account of collection, processing and storage practices of crude
drugs
(Total Hours of Teaching: 120 @ 4 h / Week)
Unit - I: Anatomy (30 h)
1. Meristems Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices and theories. (4 h)
2. Tissues and Tissue Systems: Simple and complex. (6 h)
3. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure; stomata and epidermal outgrowths. (6 h)
4. Stem and root: Vascular cambium - Formation and function. Anomalous secondary
growth of stem - Achyranthes, Boerhavia, Bignonia, Dracaena; Root – Beta (8 h)
5. Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers – Teak (Tectona grandis),
Rosewood, (Dalbergia latefolia), Red sanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus) Nallamaddi
(Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). (6 h)
Unit - II: Embryology (24 h)
6. Introduction to Embryology.
Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte (5 h)
7. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; types and development
of female gametophyte. (6 h)
8. Pollination - Types; Pollen - pistil interaction. Fertilization. (4 h)
9. Endosperm - Development and types. Embryo - development and types;
Polyembryony and Apomixis – an outline. (5 h)
10. Palynology: Principles and applications. (4 h)
Unit - III: Taxonomy (36 h)
11. Introduction: Principles of plant systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy,
Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic (4 h)
12. Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account
of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantle. An introduction
to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). (6 h)
13. Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation
to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical Taxonomy. (4 h)
14. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN,
Vienna code - a brief account. Herbarium: Concept, techniques
and applications. (6 h)
15. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging
to the following families:
Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae/papilionoideae,
Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae), Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae and
Poaceae. (16 h)
Unit - IV: Medicinal Botany (30 h)
16. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine
from Folklore medicine. Outlines of Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani and
Homeopathic systems of traditional medicine. Role of AYUSH, NMPB,
CIMAP and CDRI. (8 h)
17. Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants – Tippateega
(Tinospora cordifolia), tulasi (Oscimum sanctum ), pippallu (Piper longum),
Karaka (Terminalia chebula), Kalabanda (Aloe vera), Turmeric (Curcuma longa). (4 h)
18. Traditional medicine vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used in
traditional medicine as resource (active principles, structure, usage and
pharmacological action) of modern medicine: Aswagandha (Withania somnifera),
Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Nela usiri (Phyllanthus amarus), Amla
(Phyllanthus emblica) and Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri). (6 h)
19. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. Adulteration of plant crude drugs
and methods of identification - some examples. Indian Pharmacopoeia. (6 h)
20. Plant crude drugs: Types, methods of collection, processing and storage practices.
Evaluation of crude drugs. (6 h)
Suggested Readings:
Bhattacharya et. al. 2007. A textbook of Palynology, Central, New Delhi.
Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar. 2000. The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.), Vikas
Publishing House, Delhi.
Davis, P. H. and V. H. Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver and Boyd,
London.
Esau, K. 1971. Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA.
Heywood, V. H. 1965 . Plant Taxonomy. ELBS , London.
Heywood, V. H. and D. M. Moore (Eds). 1984. Current Concepts in Plant Taxonomy. Academic
Press, London.
Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal. 1999. A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal
Singh, Dehradun.
Jeffrey, C. 1982. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
London.
Johri, B. M. 1984. Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verleg, Berlin.
Joshi, S. G. 2000. Medicinal Plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Kapil, R. P. 1986. Pollination Biology. Inter India Publishers, New Delhi.
Kokate, C. and Gokhale- Pharmocognacy- Nirali Prakashan, NewDelhi.
Lad, V. 1984. Ayurveda – The Science of Self-healing. Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi.
Lewis, W. H. and M. P. F. Elwin Lewis. 1976. Medical Botany. Plants Affecting Man’s Health.
A Wiley Inter science Publication. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Maheswari, P. 1971. An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book Co.,
London.
Pandey, B. P. 2007. Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Seed Plants and their Systematics,
Structure, Development and Reproduction in Flowering Plants. S. Chand & Company Ltd,
New Delhi.
Rastogi, R. R. and B. N. Mehrotra. 1993. Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I & Vol.
II. CSIR, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi.
Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balasubramaniyan. 1994. Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources.
Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Stace, C. A. 1989. Plant Taxonomy and Biostatistics (2nd Ed.). Edward Arnold, London.
Singh, G. 1999. Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
Practical - II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany
(Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 90 @ 3 h / Week in 30 Sessions)
Suggested Laboratory Exercises:
1. Demonstration of double staining technique. (3 h)
2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides (3 h)
3. Preparation of double staining slides
Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem – Tridax, Sorghum (6 h)
Secondary structure: Root – Tridax sp.; Stem –Pongamia (3 h)
Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. (6 h)
4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. (3 h)
5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. (6 h)
6. Structure of anther and microsporoganesis using permanent slides. (3 h)
7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus,
Acassia, Grass). (3 h)
8. Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). (3 h)
9. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryosac. (3 h)
10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and
monocot Embryos using permanent slides. (3 h)
11. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Cymopsis / Senna /Crotalaria) (3 h)
12. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families
prescribed in theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each
family) (18 h)
13. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. (3 h)
14. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora. (6 h)
15. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of locally
available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine.
(12 h)
16. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local
tribes/folklore. (3 h)
17. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the
practical examination.
B.Sc II Year Botany
(Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany)
Paper-II: Practical Model Paper
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 50
1. Prepare a double stained permanent mount of transverse section of given material
“A” 8 Marks
2. Prepare a temporary mount of epidermal peal of the given leaf material “B” and
identify the stomatal type 6 Marks
3. Conduct the pollen viability test “C” OR isolate the embryo from the given material
6 Marks
4. Assign the specimens “D” and “E” to their respective families, giving reasons.
Describe and classify. 16 Marks
5. Identify and describe the specimens / slides with well labelled diagrams 8 Marks
a) Embryology (f) b) Palynology (g) c) Medicinal Botany (h,i)
6. Herbarium and Record 6 Marks
B.Sc II Year
Botany Paper-II
(Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany)
Model Question Paper – Theory
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 100
Section-A
Answer Any FIVE Questions Marks: 5 x 8 = 40 Marks
(Answer should not exceed 20 lines for each question)
1. Quiscent centre
2. Anomalous structure of Boerhaavia
3. T.S. of anther
4. Polyembryony
5. Cytotaxonomy
6. Economic importance of Apiaceae
7. Ayurveda system of medicine
8. Medicinal importance of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica)
Section-B
Answer all Questions Marks: 4 x 15 = 60 Marks
Long Essay Type Questions)
(Answer should not exceed 80 lines for each question
9. a. Give a detailed account on complex tissue system
OR
b. Describe the Wood Structure of Pterocarpus santalinus
10. a. Describe the development of female gametophyte
OR
b. NPC system of pollen morphology
11. a. Enumerate the salient features of Engler and Prantles classification and
its merits and demerits
OR
b. Give a comparative account of Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae
12. a. Explain in detail the Homeopathic system of Medicine
OR
b. Give an account of collection, processing and storage practices of crude
drugs
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